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Do you also see this number under Settings -> About phone -> Status -> SIM status -> My phone number?
The number displayed here and under Contacts -> Myself comes from the SIM-card. You can't change that from the phone.
Under "Myself" you will also see information from the accounts you have in the phone. It could for example be email accounts, Google account or any app creating an account. If you or the previous owner haven't made a master reset, you may still have accounts from the previous owner in it.
You can see which accounts you currently have under Settings -> Accounts and here you can also remove accounts.
But if there's still data from the previous owner in the phone, i would recommend that you perform a master reset from Settings -> Backup & reset but please note that this will reset the phone to factory default.
As you could not change the information and it didn't come from the SIM-card, i can't see any other reason than that it came from one of the accounts in the phone. Info under "Myself" looks ok now?